The Inclusion Body Disease (IBD)

What is IBD?
It is believed that IBD is a viral disease. The pathogen appears to be a retrovirus (as it is the case with AIDS). It produces Inclusion bodies that are found in the epithelial cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts, as well as in the liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, ovaries, testicles, marrow and nerve cells. This results in abnormal changes of the tissue in the retina, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and organs
Which boas and pythons are susceptible to IBD?

Boas and pythons are equally susceptible to IBD. While there are minor differences in the clinical symptomatic, the disease is – once erupted – invariably fatal in both boas and pythons. Most cases have thus far been diagnosed in the U.S., but Europe has already had a few cases as well.

Boa constrictor is known for being a potential long-term carrier of the virus, without displaying any symptoms. However, such animals are able to infect other boas and pythons with this. Among the Boa constrictor in Germany, IBD has been confirmed most often in crossbreed specimens. This is not surprising, as these comprise the vast majority of the boas here. Of course, pure-bred Boa constrictor can obviously acquire IBD as well, if they are infected by sick specimens.

It is not yet known whether the inclusion body disease occurs in wild boas and pythons as well, or if it is a disease that is exclusive to captive specimens (the current experiences indicate the latter). IBD is usually found in juvenile to adult animals, but even neonates may be affected by it.



What are the clinical symptoms of IBD?

The most common and best known sign of IBD is the so-called “stargazing”. It manifests by the snake no longer being able to coordinate its movements, and uncontrollably tilting its head back. Due to these coordination problems, the reptile is no longer able to strike or swallow prey. The sick snake is also no longer able to shed its skin. Further described symptoms include paralysis and head twitching, as well as the inability of the sick snake to upright itself if placed on its back.

Apart from these neurological abnormalities, a broad array of other clinical symptoms of IBD are known, including regurgitation of prey, infections of the digestive tract, leukemia, abscesses on the skin, rapid loss of weight and muscle mass, chronic diphteroid-purulent enteritis (small and large intestine, appendix), often combined with septicemic salmonella, as well as infection and deformation of the vertebra.



General Infection through Salmonella
Dr. Udo Hetzel from the Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the University of Giessen told the authors about an interesting thesis, which however, has yet to be proven.

In approximately 40% of the IBD cases at this institute, cases of enteritis (infection of the intestines), usually caused by salmonella sp. Poly B, had also been confirmed.

Salmonella are normally part of the natural bacterium spectrum of the animals (although occasionally also pathogenic).

In IBD – according to the hypothesis by Dr. Hetzel – the viral infection leads to abnormalities in the intestine enterocytes, which enables salmonella to break through the mucous barrier and to spread throughout the body. The use of antibiotics leads to a temporary improvement of the general condition. However, as soon as the use of the antibiotics is discontinued, the cycle repeats itself all over again.



How is IBD diagnosed or excluded?

The only remotely reliable method is an examination of the pancreas for inclusion bodies. However, this can be practiced on the dead animal only. It is known that in most cases, in which IBD is confirmed, inclusion bodies can be found in the pancreas. A biopsy of the liver can probably also confirm IBD or rule it out. The latter method has the advantage that it may be performed on the live animal.

There are several ways to determine IBD on live animals. Since inclusion bodies frequently occur in the liver, kidney, and epithelium of the esophagus and stomach, a biopsy of one or more organs may be helpful. Blood examinations are also a possibility.

However, none of these methods provide a 100% certainty. A positive result is definite, whereas a negative result does not prove that the animal is not infected with IBD. This means that despite all tests turning out negative, the reptile may still be infected with IBD.



Is there a cure?

At this point, there is no cure. All boids that contract IBD will die sooner or later when they begin to show signs of the disease. It is generally recommended to euthanize the sick animal. Nevertheless, it must be assumed that there are specimens of Boa constrictor that live with the virus for many years without displaying any type of symptoms. Animals that have been diagnosed with IBD but have not yet progressed to active symptomatic may therefore be kept as individual animals.



How is IBD contracted?

It is thought that the snake mite is the main cause for the contagion of IBD. It can be transmitted if one of the parasites had a meal from an infected snake and changed hosts afterwards. A transmission via body fluids is also thought possible, in particular via excrements (feces, urine), oral secretions (saliva, slime), and exchange of body fluids during mating. The risk of contagion is very high among animals that are kept in the same enclosure, yet it is not entirely imperative. If careful hygiene is applied, a transmission of the virus from one enclosure to the next is not very likely.

If the hygiene is lacking, a transmission may occur via tools (hemostats, shovel, hook) over the course of months or even years.

A vertical contagion is also likely, meaning that the young contract the virus from the mother animal during gravidity. However, there was a case that has been documented in the literature, in which the young of the infected animal did not contract the virus. It is therefore believed that a transmission of the virus does not necessarily occur in such a case.



How resistant is the virus outside of its host?
According to what is known about this virus today, common disinfectants with an alcohol basis (e.g. Sagrotan, Desderman, Microzid) eliminate the virus. Being a retrovirus, it does not survive outside of its host for long anyway (always considering the limitation that it is believed to be a retrovirus, which has yet to be fully confirmed).



How common is IBD?
Forty cases from 15 sources were confirmed at the University of Giessen in 2000. The rate of infections is certainly higher in the United States than it is here. One of the “IBD gurus” there, veterinarian Roger J. Klingenberg, put the number at about fifty cases that he himself had diagnosed per year.

Bruce L. Homer, veterinarian at the University Hospital in Gainesville, Florida, had two cases each in 1996 and 1997, and three cases in 1998.

However, these numbers do not allow for accurate conclusions to be made, because thus far little has been done to even detect this virus.

Keepers of crossbreed boas are more likely to find this virus in their collections than others.

Just for this reason alone, the utmost hygiene should be applied to avoid the contagion of healthy animals.

However, the inclusion body disease is certainly not as common, as bacterial infections.

What does this mean? Very simple: Common diseases are common, whereas less common diseases are, well, less common. There is therefore no need to panic if your boa is congested or regurgitates a couple of times. In most cases, this is no more than a bacterial infection. Even the uncontrolled tilting of the head, the so-called “stargazing“, is usually caused by a bacterial infection, poisoning (mite control substances, medications, etc.) or a prior overheating of the animal.


What do I need to do if IBD has been determined in my collection

Every snake is to be left in its current enclosure, and no animal should now be placed with another

Use different tools for each enclosure (scoop, hemostats, hook, etc.)

Fight mites aggressively (very important!)

Do not offer rejected prey items to other snakes

Snakes that have been confirmed to be infected with IBD should be euthanized (unless it is the only animal in your collection, and you wish to keep it)

Enclosures constructed of untreated wood should be disposed of, if IBD-confirmed snakes have been housed in them

Extreme hygiene should be applied, and all tools should be disinfected on a regular basis

Wash your hands after and between handling every individual animal before touching the next


At this point it should be noted that most of these measures should be standard procedure anyway.


A case study from the U.S.
In order to provide a better understanding of IBD (as it applies in real life), we have quoted a case study from the book “The Boa Constrictor Manual“ by Philippe de Vosjoli. The events occurred exactly as reported.

Case Study:

A boid keeper acquired from a good friend of his a 2-year old male Boa constrictor for his two females, which he had had for three years. After a quarantine period of three months and an examination by a veterinarian, who certified the male boa a clean bill of health, the three animals were placed together.

The keeper had previously initiated this breeding attempt by subjecting the animals to a short cooling period. The male promptly developed a light respiratory infection, which however, was cured through the administration of antibiotics and an increase in temperature. The animal was then subjected to another short cooling period, which did not pose a problem, and was subsequently placed with the two females.

The mating was successful and without complications, resulting in 21 neonate boas, which were sold to friends and local pet stores.

However, after giving birth to the young, the mother did not feed as usual and showed signs of mouth rot (infectious stomatitis), which were successfully treated with antibiotics and accompanying measures. Afterwards, the female began to feed again and began gaining weight again.

All would have been well, hadn’t it been for one of the babies becoming sick and being diagnosed with IBD. After this, the parent animals were examined, and both tested positive for IBD as well.

These events lead to the following possibilities:

The male was infected with IBD and transmitted the virus to the (previously) healthy female.

At the point of purchase, the male was healthy and did not carry the IBD virus. The female, on the other hand, was infected with the virus. However, due to a healthy immune system, she remained “healthy” for a long period of time, while infecting the male. Although this possibility is less likely than the former, it cannot be ruled out.

Both animals already carried IBD, but did not actually develop the disease until stressed by a change of location or by being co-housed (also less likely, but not impossible by any means).

A few thoughts about IBD
Until recently, it was considered common practice among envious reptile dealers and breeders in the U.S. to accuse one another of having IBD in their collections, in order to harm their business.

The IBD hysteria in the U.S. has since notably diminished, which luckily put an end to these type of “games“.

Since we in Europe always tend to be a few years behind in most new developments in the U.S., it does not take a rocket scientist to figure out that similar occurrences will soon take place over here as well.

Therefore our advice: Beware of people who tend to point the finger at others regarding the issue of IBD, as the motives for such accusations are usually rooted in the monetary aspect of it.

To make this clear and simple: No keeper of boas and pythons can claim that his/her collection does not have IBD, because even a negative test result does not rule out IBD with certainty.

No quarantine period is long enough to be able to claim that IBD is not in a given collection, because Boa constrictor may carry the virus for many years (possibly for their entire lifetime?) without actually being affected by it.

Ads, as we have seen them in the classifieds journal of the DGHT (“… Boa constrictor from IBD-free collection for sale”) are thus pure nonsense, with whom the seller advertises little more than his/her own ignorance on the topic.

It is also impossible to locate the source if IBD does occur in a given collection. Was the virus obtained with a recently acquired animal or were the own animals already infected, yet did not show symptoms until the new animal produced stress in the established group? As you can see, it is quite difficult to determine this with certainty!

Therefore our advice: Don’t drive yourself crazy about IBD. The inclusion body disease has been known since the mid seventies and it is really anyone’s guess how many animals have already reached a lifespan of 20 years while carrying the virus. It may be possible that there are carriers of the virus that are never really affected by it. This is only a speculation, though.

Be aware of the fact that the inclusion body disease does exist, and always apply the highest degree of hygiene with your animals, in order to prevent a contamination within your collection if the worst case scenario ever does occur. IBD should otherwise be considered for what it is: A factor that has long been present among private keepers of boas and pythons, yet has only recently received attention and publicity.

Quoted from http://www.boa-constrictors.com/com/Haltung/IBDEng.htm


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IBD is a disease that should be feared by all keepers of Boids.
whilst still un common on the British Isles it is still a threat.
It is up to us here in the UK to keep it this way !
We can achieve this in several ways, the most important is the quarantine of all new animals (especially imports).
as there is no quarantine for reptiles in this country IBD could easily be imported along with new purchases from abroad.
I would like to see a more effective control system in operation with regards to foreign imports, certainly stricter regulation and paper work might go some way into help preventing the spread of IBD.
As an island we in the UK are lucky with regards to the protection this offers us.
Always check each new animal you acquire (prior to purchase) and if you suspect something is wrong by no means risk it and ensure you let others aware of your fears. It will only take on unscrupulous dealer to spread an epidemic of this dreadful disease.

Without the benefits of blood and stool samples there are several other methods to test for IBD.

First off never buy a boid that looks anything but healthy, no matter how cheap it is.
check eyes, nose and vent for discharge
Snakes with IBD have a distant look to their eyes (kind of like the lights are on but no one is home)

another method is to attempt to roll the snake on its back. As a neurological disorder IBD effects the nervous system and infected animals will have difficulty righting themselves if rolled on their back.
head tremors and nervous ticks can also be a sign.

Stargazing can be a result of IBD, however do not panic if you see your boids do this from time to time as some animals will appear to stargaze but are mearly looking around. Prolonged stargazing should be taken more seriously.

As I mentioned earlier IBD is still uncommon in the UK, for Gods sake lets keep it that way ! it's up to us.